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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">SATNET</span></span>

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<p><b>SATNET</b>, also known as the <b>Atlantic Packet Satellite Network</b>, was an early satellite network that formed an initial segment of the <a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. It was implemented by <a href="BBN_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="BBN Technologies">BBN Technologies</a> under the direction of <a href="Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Research Projects Agency">ARPA</a>.

</p><p>The first heterogeneous computer network was implemented in 1973, connecting the <a href="ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> to <a href="University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>. This evolved into SATNET. The first <a href="Transmission_Control_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission Control Program">Transmission Control Program</a> demonstration, linking SATNET, the ARPANET, and <a href="PRNET" title="PRNET">PRNET</a> took place on November 22, 1977.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3></div>

<p>SATNET had its origins in <a href="Lawrence_Roberts_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Roberts (scientist)">Larry Roberts'</a> 1970 proposal for a link between the <a href="ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> and the <a href="National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)">National Physical Laboratory</a> (NPL) network. The <a href="NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a> was developed by <a href="Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a>, one of two independent inventors of the concept of <a href="Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a>. ARPA had an existing 2.4 kilobit/second link to <a href="NORSAR" title="NORSAR">NORSAR</a> (used for seismic research), which at the time passed through a satellite station in the UK, then continued via cable to Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Peter_T._Kirstein" title="Peter T. Kirstein">Peter T. Kirstein</a>'s research group at <a href="University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> (UCL) was chosen instead of NPL in 1971 to connect the ARPANET. Funding was finally approved in 1973, by which time the trans-Atlantic connectivity had changed: the NORSAR link now crossed the Atlantic via the Nordic satellite station in <a href="Tanum_Municipality" title="Tanum Municipality">Tanum</a>, Sweden, then continued via cable to Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two ARPANET Terminal Interface Processors (TIPs) were installed in Norway and connected to the ARPANET via satellite in June and September 1973. The UCL connection via a terrestrial circuit to Norway became operational in July 1973 at 9.6 kilobits/second. At this point, UCL was connected to the ARPANET, forming the first heterogeneous interconnected network in the world. UCL later provided a gateway for an interconnection with the SRCnet, the forerunner of the UK's <a href="JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a> network.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In that same year, Larry Roberts proposed that it would be possible to use a satellite's 64 kilobit/second link as a medium shared by multiple satellite earth stations within the beam's footprint.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3></div>

<p>This proposal was implemented by <a href="Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a>, and resulted in SATNET. Key participants in SATNET included <a href="BBN_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="BBN Technologies">BBN Technologies</a>, <a href="COMSAT" title="COMSAT">COMSAT</a>, the <a href="Linkabit_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Linkabit Corporation">Linkabit Corporation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a>, University College London, the <a href="Norwegian_Defence_Research_Establishment" title="Norwegian Defence Research Establishment">Norwegian Defence Research Establishment</a> and the <a href="Royal_Signals_and_Radar_Establishment" title="Royal Signals and Radar Establishment">Royal Signals and Radar Establishment</a> in Britain. By the late 1970s, SATNET connected research sites in the US, UK, Norway, Germany, and Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1973, Bob Kahn considered the interconnection of the <a href="ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> with other networks. He enlisted <a href="Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a>, who was teaching at Stanford. The problem was that the ARPANET, SATNET, and radio-based <a href="PRNET" title="PRNET">PRNET</a> all had different interfaces, packet sizes, labelling, conventions and transmission rates. Linking them together was very difficult. In response, Kahn and Cerf set about designing a net-to-net connection protocol. Cerf led the newly formed <a href="International_Network_Working_Group" title="International Network Working Group">International Network Working Group</a> (INWG). In September 1973, the two gave their first paper on the new <a href="Transmission_Control_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission Control Program">Transmission Control Program</a> at an INWG meeting at the <a href="University_of_Sussex" title="University of Sussex">University of Sussex</a> in England. Their proposal, published the next year, incorporated concepts developed by <a href="Louis_Pouzin" title="Louis Pouzin">Louis Pouzin</a> and <a href="Hubert_Zimmermann" title="Hubert Zimmermann">Hubert Zimmermann</a>, designers of the <a href="CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a> network.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The first <a href="Transmission_Control_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission Control Program">Transmission Control Program</a> demonstration, linking SATNET, the ARPANET, and <a href="PRNET" title="PRNET">PRNET</a> took place on November 22, 1977. As a result of this work, SATNET played a central role in the creation of the <a href="Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a>.

</p><p><a href="Peter_T._Kirstein" title="Peter T. Kirstein">Peter Kirstein</a> chaired the International Cooperation Board (ICB), formed by Cerf in 1979, to coordinate activities to develop packet satellite research.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moschovitisp104_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moschovitisp104-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>SATNET was assigned the <i><span class="ipaddr"><span style="padding-right: 1px;">4.x.x.x</span><span style="padding-right: 1px;">/</span><span style="padding-right: 1px;">8</span></span></i> IPv4 address range in the <a href="List_of_assigned_/8_IPv4_address_blocks" title="List of assigned /8 IPv4 address blocks">List of assigned /8 IPv4 address blocks</a>.

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In later years, <a href="J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</a> remembered the difficulty in arranging such satellite links during his second ARPA tour:<sup id="cite_ref-Pelkey_interview_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelkey_interview-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>

When I was [at ARPA in 1974-1975], we were trying to set up a satellite link with Britain, and to deal with British General Post Office, or whatever that's called, was just a totally different experience to me from anything else. They wanted us to buy insurance covering their whole plant, practically, in case our IMPs set fire, or something, to their equipment. It was really weird. Their worst fear was that somebody in Europe would call up, through some kind of a network, to a British Telephone installation, and get through it into the Atlantic link and get to the United States, and somehow bypass the fifteen cent toll, and, "Christ," I said, "this is just a research and development thing. If we can make it work, if it really turns out to be a great idea, we can figure out about rates and stuff." We wanted to extend an Arpanet link -- we needed in a desperate way to extend the Arpanet link to Stuttgart, and to some American military base down there -- I forget the name of it -- and they would never let us have the one little link.</p></blockquote>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFKirstein1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kirstein, P.T. (1999). "Early experiences with the Arpanet and Internet in the United Kingdom". <i>IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</i>. <b>21</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">38–</span>44. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F85.759368">10.1109/85.759368</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1934-1547">1934-1547</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1558618">1558618</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911151554/https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/arpanet-article774-270.html">"ARPANET - NORSAR"</a>. <i>www.norsar.no</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/arpanet-article774-270.html">the original</a> on 2017-09-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-17</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exhibits.stanford.edu/oral-history/catalog/pj259nj7501">"Vinton G. Cerf : An Oral History"</a>. <i>Stanford Oral History Collections - Spotlight at Stanford</i>. 2020. p. 97<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-29</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~jac22/otalks/p235-seo.pdf">"Distributed Testing and Measurement across the Atlantic Packet Satellite Network (SATNET)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. June 6, 1988.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:7-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCerfKahn1974" class="citation journal cs1">Cerf, V.; Kahn, R. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall06/cos561/papers/cerf74.pdf">"A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IEEE Transactions on Communications</i>. <b>22</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">637–</span>648. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTCOM.1974.1092259">10.1109/TCOM.1974.1092259</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1558-0857">1558-0857</a>. <q>The authors wish to thank a number of colleagues for helpful comments during early discussions of international network protocols, especially R. Metcalfe, R. Scantlebury, D. Walden, and H. Zimmerman; D. Davies and L. Pouzin who constructively commented on the fragmentation and accounting issues; and S. Crocker who commented on the creation and destruction of associations.</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21590765-louis-pouzin-helped-create-internet-now-he-campaigning-ensure-its">"The internet's fifth man"</a>. <i>Economist</i>. 13 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2017</span>. <q>In the early 1970s Mr Pouzin created an innovative data network that linked locations in France, Italy and Britain. Its simplicity and efficiency pointed the way to a network that could connect not just dozens of machines, but millions of them. It captured the imagination of Dr Cerf and Dr Kahn, who included aspects of its design in the protocols that now power the internet.</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:02-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ISOC-History-of-the-Internet_1997.pdf">"Brief History of the Internet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Internet Society. 1997. pp. 8, 13.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Moschovitisp104-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moschovitisp104_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoschovitis1999">Moschovitis 1999</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofinterne0000unse/page/104/mode/2up">104</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Pelkey_interview-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pelkey_interview_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2016/03/102717159-05-01-acc.pdf">"Interview of Joseph Carl Robnett (J.C.R.) Licklider"</a>, by James Pelkey, Computer History Museum, June 28, 1988, page 7.</span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFMoschovitis1999" class="citation book cs1">Moschovitis, Christos J. P. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofinterne0000unse"><i>History of the Internet: A Chronology, 1843 to the Present</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-57607-118-2</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>L.G. Roberts, "Dynamic Allocation of Satellite Capacity through Packet Reservation", <i>Proc. NCCC</i>, Vol. 42, pages 695-702, 1973.</li>

<li>University College London ARPANET Project, Annual Report 1977, by Professor Peter T. Kirstein, April 1978.</li>

<li>Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc., "Combined Quarterly Technical Report No. 29", May 1983, Prepared for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.</li>

<li>Peter T. Kirstein, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207092443/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4773/f19792f9fce8eacba72e5f8c2a021414e52d.pdf">Early Experiences With the Arpanet and Internet in the United Kingdom</a>", <i>IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</i>, Vol. 21, No. 1, 1999, pages 38-44.</li>

<li><a href="P%C3%A5l_Spilling" title="Pål Spilling">Pål Spilling</a>, "The Internet Development Process: Observations and Reflections", <i>History of Nordic Computing 3: Third IFIP WG 9.7 Conference, HiNC3</i>, Stockholm, Sweden, October 18-20, 2010, Revised Selected Papers.</li>

<li>Katie Hafner, Matthew Lyon, <i>Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet</i>, Simon and Schuster, 1998, pages 221-226. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780684832678</bdi>.</li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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